Air separation equipment is a set of machinery and devices used to separate the components of air. It mainly separates air into its main constituents such as oxygen, nitrogen, and argon through physical methods.
Early Stages: The development of air separation technology began in the 19th century. The first air liquefaction experiments laid the foundation. Early methods were relatively simple and had low separation efficiencies. Advancement: With the progress of industrialization and the demand for gases such as oxygen in steelmaking and other industries, more efficient air separation technologies emerged. The development of cryogenic air separation processes became a milestone, enabling large - scale production of high - purity gases.
The main purpose is to obtain high - purity industrial gases. For example, in the metallurgical industry, high - purity oxygen is used to increase the combustion efficiency of furnaces and improve the quality of steel products. Nitrogen is widely used for inerting, such as in the food packaging industry to prevent food spoilage by creating an oxygen - free environment. Argon is used in welding and some high - tech manufacturing processes to provide a stable shielding gas environment.
Cryogenic Distillation: This is the most common principle. Air is first compressed and cooled to a very low temperature (close to - 196°C, the boiling point of liquid nitrogen). At this low temperature, different components of air have different boiling points. Oxygen boils at - 183°C, nitrogen at - 196°C, and argon at - 186°C. Through fractional distillation in a distillation column, the components are separated according to their boiling points. Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA): This is another principle. It uses the different adsorption characteristics of gases on adsorbent materials under different pressures. Adsorbent materials such as zeolite are used. When air passes through the adsorbent bed under pressure, certain components are preferentially adsorbed, and then the adsorbed gases can be desorbed by changing the pressure to achieve separation.
Cryogenic Air Separation Units (ASU): As mentioned above, these are the most common types that use cryogenic distillation to separate air components. They are suitable for large - scale production of high - purity gases and are widely used in industries such as metallurgy and chemical engineering. Non - Cryogenic Air Separation Equipment: This includes PSA - based air separation equipment, which is more suitable for small - to - medium - scale gas production and has advantages in terms of energy consumption and simplicity for some applications that do not require extremely high - purity gases.